在商業的世界中，一人有限公司是一種特殊的公司形式。當公司股東僅為您一人，或者股東是您與您的配偶時，這樣的公司就被認定為一人有限公司。

In the business world, a one person limited company is a special form of company. When the company's shareholders are only you, or when the shareholders are you and your spouse, such a company is recognized as a one person limited liability company.

從法律層面來看，一人有限公司名義上是有限責任，但在實際運營中，如果不能清晰證明個人財產與公司財產嚴格分離，那么就需要承擔無限連帶責任。一旦公司遭遇問題或陷入破產危機，法院會對此進行嚴格審查。只要您與公司存在哪怕一元錢的經濟往來，法院都可能判定公司與個人財產沒有實現分離，這時您就必須承擔無限連帶責任。

From a legal perspective, a one person limited liability company is nominally limited liability, but in actual operation, if it cannot be clearly proven that personal property is strictly separated from company property, then unlimited joint and several liability needs to be borne. Once a company encounters problems or falls into bankruptcy crisis, the court will conduct strict scrutiny. As long as you have an economic relationship with the company for even a single yuan, the court may rule that the company and personal property have not been separated, and in this case, you must bear unlimited joint and several liability.

想象一下，即便您的公司注冊資本僅為 10 萬元，但公司破產后，您可能面臨賠房、賠車，甚至累及家庭財產，付出巨大的代價來償還債務。

Imagine that even if your company's registered capital is only 100000 yuan, after bankruptcy, you may face the risk of losing your house, car, and even family property, paying a huge price to repay your debts.

那么，商業高手們是如何應對這種風險，實現財富安全與公司發展的平衡呢？

So, how do business experts deal with this risk and achieve a balance between wealth security and company development?

首先，他們會成立一家家族公司。家族公司的注冊資金一般為 10 萬元，成員由您與您的子女或者父母組成。這家公司的主要職能并非開展業務，而是進行投資和放置重要資產，為老板的財富安全保駕護航。在股權分配上，您自己持股 99%，剩余 1%不要給予您的配偶，而是分給您的小孩或者其他家人。通過這種股權分配方式，可以有效避免該公司被認定為一人有限公司，降低潛在的法律風險和經濟風險。

Firstly, they will establish a family company. The registered capital of a family company is generally 100000 yuan, and the members are composed of you and your children or parents. The main function of this company is not to conduct business, but to invest and place important assets to safeguard the wealth security of the boss. In terms of equity distribution, you hold 99% of the shares yourself, and the remaining 1% should not be given to your spouse, but to your children or other family members. Through this equity distribution method, the company can effectively avoid being recognized as a one person limited company, reducing potential legal and economic risks.

其次，再設立一家注冊資金同樣為 10 萬元的防火墻公司。由家族公司在防火墻公司持股 99%，剩下 1%的股權分配給您的小孩。在此基礎上，創立兩家有限合伙企業。其中一家用于搭建持股平臺，對內實施股權激勵或者整合行業高手；另一家則用于對外進行資本引進，吸引外部投資和資源。

Secondly, establish another firewall company with a registered capital of 100000 yuan. The family company holds 99% of the shares in the firewall company, with the remaining 1% allocated to your children. On this basis, two limited partnership enterprises were established. One of them is used to build a shareholding platform, implement equity incentives internally, or integrate industry experts; The other one is used for capital introduction to attract external investment and resources.

在有限合伙企業中，存在兩種類型的股東：普通合伙人（GP）和有限合伙人（LP）。普通合伙人擁有對企業的百分百控制權，而有限合伙人僅享有分紅權。讓家族公司充當有限合伙企業的普通合伙人（GP），哪怕家族公司僅占股 1%，也能掌握企業的決策控制權。其余股權則用于整合資金、資源和人才，最后通過有限合伙企業在主體公司持股 70%，防火墻公司持股 30%。

In a limited partnership enterprise, there are two types of shareholders: general partners (GP) and limited partners (LP). General partners have 100% control over the enterprise, while limited partners only enjoy dividend rights. Let the family company act as the general partner (GP) of the limited partnership enterprise, even if the family company only holds 1% of the shares, they can still control the decision-making power of the enterprise. The remaining equity is used to integrate funds, resources, and talent, and ultimately holds 70% of the shares in the main company and 30% of the shares in the firewall company through a limited partnership enterprise.

通過這樣的股權架構設計，只要牢牢掌控家族公司，就能實現對旗下所有公司的有效掌控。不僅能夠整合各方資金、資源和人才為己所用，而且即使主體公司不幸破產，您也僅需承擔 10 萬元的有限責任，成功地將家庭財產與企業經營風險進行了有效隔離，為企業發展和個人財富安全建立了堅實的保障。

Through this equity structure design, as long as the family company is firmly controlled, effective control over all its subsidiaries can be achieved. Not only can it integrate funds, resources, and talents from all parties for its own use, but even if the main company unfortunately goes bankrupt, you only need to bear a limited liability of 100000 yuan, successfully isolating family property from business risks and establishing a solid guarantee for the development of the enterprise and personal wealth security.

下面給大家列舉一個真實且極具代表性的商業案例——張玉良的綠地集團的商業布局分析。

Here is a real and highly representative business case - the commercial layout analysis of Zhang Yuliang's Greenland Group.

張玉良先生先成立了注冊資金為 10 萬元且 100%控股的格林蘭投資管理有限公司，之后又各出資 1 千元成立 32 家有限合伙企業。每一個有限合伙企業吸引 49 個 LP 投資人，那么 32 家有限合伙企業，就吸引了 32×49 = 1568 個 LP 投資人。

Mr. Zhang Yuliang first established Greenland Investment Management Co., Ltd. with a registered capital of 100000 yuan and 100% controlling stake, and then each contributed 1000 yuan to establish 32 limited partnership enterprises. Each limited partnership attracts 49 LP investors, so 32 limited partnerships attract 32 x 49=1568 LP investors.

其中的關鍵操作在于：格林蘭投資管理有限公司僅持有有限合伙企業 1%的股份，但都作為有限合伙企業的普通合伙人（GP），掌握著企業的決策控制權。

The key operation is that Greenland Investment Management Limited only holds 1% of the shares of the limited partnership enterprise, but as the general partner (GP) of the limited partnership enterprise, they hold the decision-making control of the enterprise.

緊接著，以格林蘭投資管理有限公司作為普通合伙人（GP），32 家有限合伙企業作為有限合伙人（LP），共同成立上海格林蘭有限合伙企業，成為綠地集團的大股東從而實現對綠地集團的控股。

Subsequently, with Greenland Investment Management Co., Ltd. as the general partner (GP) and 32 limited partnerships as limited partners (LP), Shanghai Greenland Limited Partnership was jointly established, becoming the major shareholder of Greenland Group and achieving control over Greenland Group.

僅用 10 萬元就成功控股 5000 億市值的綠地集團，并且只承擔 10 萬元的風險，這樣精妙的股權架構布局，無疑是商業智慧的結晶，既體現了科學的股權設計理念，又展現出了高超的商業運作藝術。

With only 100000 yuan, Greenland Group successfully controlled a market value of 500 billion yuan and only assumed a risk of 100000 yuan. This ingenious equity structure layout is undoubtedly the crystallization of business wisdom, reflecting both scientific equity design concepts and superb commercial operation art.

此外，擁有了合理的有限合伙企業股權架構和有限合伙協議之后，在合伙創業過程中，還一定要制定好以下三大規則：

In addition, after having a reasonable equity structure and limited partnership agreement for a limited partnership enterprise, the following three rules must be formulated during the process of partnership entrepreneurship:

一、分錢規則

1、 Money sharing rules

1. 明確分紅的比例：是按照出資比例分配，還是按照占股比例分配，都需要提前約定清晰。對于有不干活的股東，一定要設置回本前和回本后的差異化分紅比例，以激勵股東積極投入到公司的運營發展中。對于擁有干股的股東，要設置在職分紅規則，即依據股東所在崗位為公司創造的利潤進行分紅。

1. Clarify the distribution ratio of dividends: whether to distribute according to the proportion of capital contribution or the proportion of shareholding, both need to be clearly agreed upon in advance. For shareholders who do not work, it is necessary to set differentiated dividend ratios before and after capital recovery to incentivize shareholders to actively invest in the company's operational development. For shareholders who hold dry shares, an on-the-job dividend rule should be established, which distributes dividends based on the profits created for the company by the shareholder's position.

2. 明確分紅總額度：在確定分紅總額時，要合理預留一定比例的資金作為備用資金，以應對公司未來的發展需求和可能出現的風險，例如預留 10% - 20%的資金作為備用。

2. Clarify the total dividend amount: When determining the total dividend amount, a certain proportion of funds should be reasonably reserved as backup funds to meet the company's future development needs and potential risks, such as reserving 10% -20% of funds as backup.

3. 明確分紅的時間：分紅的時間周期需要明確規定，是按月度、季度還是年度進行分紅，或者約定當公司利潤達到一定數額時才進行分紅。

3. Clarify the dividend distribution time: The dividend distribution time period needs to be clearly defined, whether it is distributed on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis, or it can be agreed that dividends will only be distributed when the company's profits reach a certain amount.

二、分權規則

2、 Decentralization rules

在公司的運營管理中，合理的權力分配至關重要。要明確各個股東在公司決策、管理、監督等方面的權力和職責，確保公司的運營決策高效、科學、合理。同時，要建立健全的權力制衡機制，防止某一股東權力過大，損害公司和其他股東的利益。

Reasonable power allocation is crucial in the operation and management of a company. It is necessary to clarify the rights and responsibilities of each shareholder in the company's decision-making, management, supervision, etc., to ensure that the company's operational decisions are efficient, scientific, and reasonable. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a sound power balance mechanism to prevent one shareholder from having excessive power and damaging the interests of the company and other shareholders.

三、激勵規則

3、 Incentive rules

1. 股東激勵：股東作為公司的重要組成部分，不僅要投入資金，還需要為公司的發展貢獻智慧和精力。因此，對股東進行激勵是非常必要的。通過設置合理的激勵機制，如超額利潤激勵法、在職分紅激勵法等，激發股東的積極性和創造力，讓股東不僅僅是享受股權帶來的分紅收益，更能積極參與到公司的經營管理中，為公司的發展出謀劃策、貢獻力量。

1. Shareholder incentives: Shareholders, as an important part of the company, not only need to invest funds, but also contribute wisdom and energy to the company's development. Therefore, incentivizing shareholders is essential. By setting up reasonable incentive mechanisms, such as excess profit incentive method, on-the-job dividend incentive method, etc., we can stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of shareholders, so that they can not only enjoy the dividend income brought by equity, but also actively participate in the company's operation and management, and contribute to the development of the company by providing strategies and contributions.

2. 明確激勵的方法：超額利潤激勵法是指當公司的利潤超過預定目標時，給予股東一定比例的額外獎勵；在職分紅激勵法是根據股東在公司任職期間，其所負責的業務或項目所創造的利潤，給予相應的分紅獎勵。

2. Clarify the incentive method: The excess profit incentive method refers to giving shareholders a certain percentage of additional rewards when the company's profits exceed the predetermined target; The on-the-job dividend incentive method is to provide corresponding dividend rewards to shareholders based on the profits created by the business or projects they are responsible for during their tenure in the company.

除了以上三大規則外，在合伙創業的過程中，還需要制定合理的退出規則，以應對可能出現的股東退出情況。

In addition to the above three rules, reasonable exit rules need to be formulated during the process of partnership entrepreneurship to cope with possible shareholder exits.

四、退出規則

4、 Exit Rule

1. 明確鎖定期：在合伙協議中明確規定股東的鎖定期，例如在 3 - 5 年內不能退出公司。如果股東在鎖定期內中途退出，需要制定相應的懲罰措施，如扣除一定比例的股權或者要求其支付違約金等，以避免因股東隨意退出導致項目資金鏈斷裂、項目夭折的情況發生。

1. Clear lock up period: Clearly stipulate the lock up period for shareholders in the partnership agreement, such as not being able to exit the company within 3-5 years. If shareholders withdraw midway during the lock up period, corresponding punishment measures need to be formulated, such as deducting a certain proportion of equity or requiring them to pay liquidated damages, in order to avoid the situation of project funding chain breakage and project failure caused by shareholders' arbitrary withdrawal.

2. 明確退出的價格：在回本前退出和回本后退出，股東所能獲得的股權價格是不同的。回本前退出，由于公司尚未實現盈利，股東退出的價格可能相對較低；回本后退出，股東可以按照一定的溢價比例退出。具體的價格和溢價比例需要在合伙協議中明確約定。

2. Clarify the exit price: Shareholders can obtain different equity prices before and after returning to capital. Exit before recouping the capital, as the company has not yet achieved profitability, the price for shareholders to exit may be relatively low; After recovering the capital, shareholders can withdraw according to a certain premium ratio. The specific price and premium ratio need to be clearly stipulated in the partnership agreement.

3. 明確凈身出戶的情形：如果股東出現損害公司利益、挖走客戶資源、泄露公司商業機密謀取私利等行為，應當強制其凈身出戶，即無償收回其股權。

3. Clarify the circumstances for net withdrawal: If shareholders engage in behaviors that harm the interests of the company, poach customer resources, leak company trade secrets for personal gain, etc., they should be forced to net out, that is, their equity should be recovered free of charge.

如果您希望實現出小錢占大股，既能激勵人才、吸引投資人，又能降低稅負，牢牢把握公司控制權，并有效降低風險的股權架構，那么一定要簽署好以下 5 份協議：

If you want to achieve a shareholding structure that can motivate talent, attract investors, reduce tax burden, firmly grasp the control of the company, and effectively reduce risks with small amounts of money, then you must sign the following 5 agreements:

1. 《股東合作協議》：這份協議詳細明確股東之間的權利和義務，避免在公司運營過程中出現利益分配不均、責任分工不明等問題，為公司的穩定發展奠定基礎。

1. Shareholder Cooperation Agreement: This agreement specifies in detail the rights and obligations between shareholders, avoiding issues such as uneven distribution of benefits and unclear division of responsibilities in the company's operation, and laying the foundation for the stable development of the company.

2. 《保密協議》：簽署保密協議可以有效防止股東將公司機密泄露給競爭對手或其他第三方，保護公司的核心商業機密和知識產權，維護公司的市場競爭力和商業利益。

2. Confidentiality Agreement: Signing a confidentiality agreement can effectively prevent shareholders from leaking company secrets to competitors or other third parties, protect the company's core business secrets and intellectual property, and maintain the company's market competitiveness and commercial interests.

3. 《競業禁止協議》：競業禁止協議的簽訂能夠防止股東離開公司后從事與公司業務相競爭的活動，避免公司的市場份額和客戶資源被分流，保障公司的商業利益和發展空間。

3. Non compete Agreement: The signing of a non compete agreement can prevent shareholders from engaging in activities that compete with the company's business after leaving the company, avoid the diversion of the company's market share and customer resources, and safeguard the company's commercial interests and development space.

4. 《同股不同權章程》：通過約定股權相同但投票權不同的條款，保證公司在決策過程中有一個明確的決策人，避免因股權分散導致決策效率低下、決策方向不一致等問題，確保公司的決策能夠快速、高效地執行。

4. "Articles of Association for Same Stock but Different Voting Rights": By stipulating that the equity is the same but the voting rights are different, the company ensures that there is a clear decision-maker in the decision-making process, avoiding problems such as low decision-making efficiency and inconsistent decision-making directions caused by dispersed equity, and ensuring that the company's decisions can be executed quickly and efficiently.

5. 《退出機制》：提前制定完善的退出機制，明確公司在盈利和虧損狀態下股東的退出方式和退出價格，以及在何種情況下股東需要凈身出戶，為公司的股權結構穩定和持續發展提供保障。

5. "Exit Mechanism": Develop a comprehensive exit mechanism in advance, clarify the exit methods and prices for shareholders in both profit and loss states of the company, and under what circumstances shareholders need to clear their accounts, providing guarantees for the stability and sustainable development of the company's equity structure.